Strategic Executive Order in Development

The administration under former President Donald Trump is reportedly formulating an executive order aimed at enabling the stockpiling of metals extracted from the Pacific Ocean’s seabed. This initiative is part of a broader strategy to reduce reliance on China in the critical mineral supply chains, particularly those essential for battery production and other technological applications.

Understanding Polymetallic Nodules

Polymetallic nodules, which can be likened to potato-sized accumulations formed over millions of years on the ocean floor, are rich in resources such as nickel, cobalt, copper, and manganese. These minerals are integral to various applications, including batteries and electrical wiring, and they also contain rare earth elements critical for advanced technologies.

Aiming for Self-Sufficiency

The United States is strategically looking to achieve self-sufficiency in vital minerals. The Trump administration has not only engaged with Ukraine to establish mineral agreements but has also made controversial claims about Greenland and Canada regarding mineral assets. Additionally, the government has announced plans to bolster onshore production capabilities for these important resources.

Geopolitical Context and Strategic Importance

Alexander Gray, a notable Asia expert and former chief of staff to the national security adviser, affirmed that focusing on deep-sea mining is critical for the U.S., as China intensifies its competitive stance regarding economic and military resources in these areas. Gray emphasized the need for the U.S. government to prioritize sectors that exhibit vulnerability to China’s ambitions.

Catching Up with China

The proposed stockpile of seabed minerals aims to position the U.S. favorably against China in the race to access the resource-rich seabed of the Pacific. Recently, China has implemented export restrictions on certain rare earth elements, further underscoring the competitive landscape for these critical resources.

Legislative Support and Challenges

Key figures in Congress, including Secretary of State Marco Rubio and National Security Adviser Mike Waltz, have been vocal proponents of seabed mining initiatives. The most recent defense budget included directives for the Department of Defense to study the feasibility of utilizing these marine resources for national security applications.

A House aide highlighted that the mining issue transcends commercial considerations, pointing to concerns that such capabilities, developed by China, could potentially be weaponized.

Preparing for Future Conflicts

The proposed stockpiling plan aims to ensure large quantities of essential minerals are readily available on U.S. territory, which could be crucial if diplomatic relations with China deteriorate, thereby limiting imports.

International Regulations and Obstacles

Despite the proactive stance taken by U.S. officials, the country has largely been absent from international seabed mining negotiations, having not ratified the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Recent discussions at the International Seabed Authority did not result in the approval for seabed mining in international waters, with many nations advocating for a moratorium due to environmental concerns.

Critics argue that seabed mining could adversely affect the fragile ecosystems dwelling in deep ocean regions and question whether the U.S. industry could effectively replicate the extensive supply chains already established by China and others.

Industry Perspectives

The Metals Company, a leader in the seabed mining sector, has indicated progress in seeking permits from U.S. authorities to explore international waters, following laws established in 1980. However, some experts caution that companies may face legal uncertainties in moving forward without a permit from the ISA, especially without U.S. ratification of the treaty that governs these activities.